北半球白垩纪-古近纪之交生物灭绝期孢粉地层学     

Antoine BERCOVICI  Vivi VAJDA  Arthur SWEET 《地层学杂志》2012,(2):165-178

长期以来,科学家们对白垩纪-古近纪(K-Pg)之交陆地上生物大灭绝事件的趋势与灭绝速率争论不断。这些争论主要集中在脊椎动物上,尤其是非鸟恐龙。尽管如此,在理解K-Pg之交的生物响应以及相关的生态系统扰动时,植被的演化也是一个重要的组成部分。本文综述北半球内白垩纪晚期至古近纪Aquilapollenites古孢粉地理大区的孢粉地层学:在美国,晚白垩世生物组合以一系列关键门类的出现为标志,其中三冬期—坎潘期过渡期以Aquilapollenites以及相关的三突起型属的出现为标志,而马斯特里赫特阶的底界以睛形型的Wodehouseia属与Kurtzipitessp.的出现为标志;Wodehouseia spinata生物组合带以较大的个体与复杂的壁构造为特征,其中一系列的被子植物孢粉单元在K-Pg之交的记录中消失了,这使得K-Pg灭绝事件容易识别;具孔类花粉和Momipites与Caryapollenites两个属的关键种的出现,标志着古近纪孢粉植物群的复苏。近期的资料涵盖了北美大陆的大部分记录,而中国、欧洲和南半球的更多研究将更有助于理解全球陆地生物圈对K-Pg之交撞击事件的响应。  相似文献   

Coupes équilibrees crustales : méthodologie et application aux Alpes occidentales     

Gilles Menard  François Thouvenot 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1):35-45

Résumé

La construction de coupes équilibrées à l’échelle de la croûte ainsi que leur remise à l’état avant déformation suivent les règles générales de construction des coupes équilibrées (conservation des longueurs et des surfaces entre l’état avant déformation et l’état actuel), mais présentent des caractères qui leur sont propres (nécessité de connaître les mouvements verticaux importants qui accompagnent les déformations à cette échelle ainsi que le mode de déformation de la croûte).

Un exemple de construction de telles coupes est proposé pour les Alpes occidentales. Ces coupes, équilibrées pour le chevauchement crustal des massifs cristallins externes (Burdigalien-Actuel), traduisent un raccourcissement crustal variant de 10 km environ au niveau du Vercors à 55 km environ au niveau des Préalpes. Elles permettent d’intégrer dans un modèle unique un certain nombre de phénomènes comme le raccourcissement crustal, le raccourcissement dans la couverture, la subsidence du bassin molassique, la surrection des massifs cristallins externes, le rétrodéversement des structures en arrière de ces massifs.  相似文献   

Blocky regularization schemes for Full‐Waveform Inversion★     

Antoine Guitton 《Geophysical Prospecting》2012,60(5):870-884

With ill‐posed inverse problems such as Full‐Waveform Inversion, regularization schemes are needed to constrain the solution. Whereas many regularization schemes end up smoothing the model, an undesirable effect with FWI where high‐resolution maps are sought, blocky regularization does not: it identifies and preserves strong velocity contrasts leading to step‐like functions. These models might be needed for imaging with wave‐equation based techniques such as Reverse Time Migration or for reservoir characterization. Enforcing blockiness in the model space amounts to enforcing a sparse representation of discontinuities in the model. Sparseness can be obtained using the ?¹ norm or Cauchy function which are related to long‐tailed probability density functions. Detecting these discontinuities with vertical and horizontal gradient operators helps constraining the model in both directions. Blocky regularization can also help recovering higher wavenumbers that the data used for inversion would allow, thus helping controlling the cost of FWI. While the Cauchy function yields blockier models, both ?¹ and Cauchy attenuate illumination and inversion artifacts.  相似文献   

Mud bank colonization by opportunistic mangroves: A case study from French Guiana using lidar data     

Christophe Proisy  Nicolas Gratiot  Edward J. Anthony  Antoine Gardel  François Fromard  Patrick Heuret 《Continental Shelf Research》2009

Mud bank colonization by mangroves on the Amazon-influenced coast of French Guiana was studied using light detection and ranging (lidar) data which provide unique information on canopy geometry an sub-canopy topography. The role of topography was assessed through analysis of vegetation characteristics derived from these data. Measurements and analyses of mangrove expansion rates over space and time led to the identification of two distinct colonization processes. The first involves regular step-by-step mangrove expansion to the northwest of the experimental site. The second is qualified as ‘opportunistic’ since it involves a clear relationship between specific ecological characteristics of pioneer Avicennia and mud cracks affecting the mud bank surface and for which probabilities of occurrence were computed from terrain elevations. It is argued from an original analysis of the latter relationship that mud cracks cannot be solely viewed as water stress features that reflect desiccation potentially harmful to plant growth. Indeed, our results tend to demonstrate that they significantly enhance the propensity for mangroves to anchor and take root, thus leading to the colonization of tens of hectares in a few days. The limits and potential of lidar data are discussed with reference to the study of muddy coasts. Finally, the findings of the study are reconsidered within the context of a better understanding of both topography and vegetation characteristics on mangrove-fringed muddy coasts.  相似文献   

Late Permian to Middle Triassic correlations and palaeogeographical reconstructions in south-western European basins: New sedimentological data from Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain)     

Bastien Linol  Antoine Bercovici  Sylvie Bourquin  Jos Bienvenido Diez  Jos Lpez-Gmez  Jean Broutin  Marc Durand  Uxue Villanueva-Amadoz 《Sedimentary Geology》2009,220(1-2):77-94

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Ricker‐compliant deconvolution          下载免费PDF全文

Jon Claerbout  Antoine Guitton 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(3):615-625

Ricker‐compliant deconvolution spikes at the center lobe of the Ricker wavelet. It enables deconvolution to preserve and enhance seismogram polarities. Expressing the phase spectrum as a function of lag, it works by suppressing the phase at small lags. A by‐product of this decon is a pseudo‐unitary (very clean) debubble filter where bubbles are lifted off the data while onset waveforms (usually Ricker) are untouched.  相似文献   

Multiple-point geostatistical simulation using enriched pattern databases     

Rezaee  Hassan  Marcotte  Denis  Tahmasebi  Pejman  Saucier  Antoine 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(3):893-913

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - This study presents a new approach of generating a set of alternative training images (ATI) to use in patch-based multiple-point simulation....  相似文献   

Image-domain wavefield tomography for tilted transversely isotropic media     

Vladimir Li  Ilya Tsvankin  Antoine Guitton  Hui Wang 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(9):2358-2367

Transversely isotropic models with a tilted symmetry axis have become standard for imaging beneath dipping shale formations and in active tectonic areas. Here, we develop a methodology of wave-equation-based image-domain tomography for acoustic tilted transversely isotropic media. We obtain the gradients of the objective function using an integral wave-equation operator based on a separable dispersion relation that takes the symmetry-axis tilt into account. In contrast to the more conventional differential solutions, the integral operator produces only the P-wavefield without shear-wave artefacts, which facilitates both imaging and velocity analysis. The model is parameterized by the P-wave zero-dip normal-moveout velocity, the Thomsen parameter δ, anellipticity coefficient η and the symmetry-axis tilt θ. Assuming that the symmetry axis is orthogonal to reflectors, we study the influence of parameter errors on energy focusing in extended (space-lag) common-image gathers. Distortions in the anellipticity coefficient η introduce weak linear defocusing regardless of reflector dip, whereas δ influences both the energy focusing and depth scale of the migrated section. These results, which are consistent with the properties of the P-wave time-domain reflection moveout in tilted transversely isotropic media, provide important insights for implementation of velocity model-building in the image-domain. Then the algorithm is tested on a modified anticline section of the BP 2007 benchmark model.  相似文献   

Assessing internal erosion with the modal decomposition method for grain size distribution curves     

Chapuis  Robert P.  Saucier  Antoine 《Acta Geotechnica》2020,15(6):1595-1605

Acta Geotechnica - The modal decomposition method (MDM) is used to analyse the grain size distribution curve (GSDC) of a soil that was likely to produce internal erosion according to old criteria,...  相似文献   

An improved process-based representation of stream solute transport in the soil and water assessment tools     

Pandara V. Femeena  Indrajeet Chaubey  Antoine Aubeneau  Sara K. McMillan  Paul D. Wagner  Nicola Fohrer 《水文研究》2020,34(11):2599-2611

Hydrological models have long been used to study the interactions between land, surface and groundwater systems, and to predict and manage water quantity and quality. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), a widely used hydrological model, can simulate various ecohydrological processes on land and subsequently route the water quality constituents through surface and subsurface waters. So far, in-stream solute transport algorithms of the SWAT model have only been minimally revised, even though it has been acknowledged that an improvement of in-stream process representation can contribute to better model performance with respect to water quality. In this study, we aim to incorporate a new and improved solute transport model into the SWAT model framework. The new process-based model was developed using in-stream process equations from two well established models—the One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage model and the Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model. The modified SWAT model (Mir-SWAT) was tested for water quality predictions in a study watershed in Germany. Compared to the standard SWAT model, Mir-SWAT improved dissolved oxygen (DO) predictions by removing extreme low values of DO (<6 mg/L) simulated by SWAT. Phosphate concentration peaks were reduced during high flows and a better match of daily predicted and measured values was attained using the Mir-SWAT model (R² = 0.17, NSE = −0.65, RSR = 1.29 with SWAT; R² = 0.28, NSE = −0.04, RSR = 1.02 with Mir-SWAT). In addition, Mir-SWAT performed better than the SWAT model in terms of Chlorophyll-a content particularly during winter months, improving the NSE and RSR for monthly average Chl-a by 74 and 42%, respectively. With the new model improvements, we aim to increase confidence in the stream solute transport component of the model, improve the understanding of nutrient dynamics in the stream, and to extend the applicability of SWAT for reach-scale analysis and management.  相似文献